Evidence and Proof in Turkish Civil Procedure Law – Hukuk Muhakameleri Kanununda İspat ve Deliller

Merhaba Sevgili Okuyucularımız !

Bu yazımızda “Hukuk Muhakameleri Kanununda İspat ve Deliller” başlıklı 187 ve devamında yer alan hükümlerin Hukuk İngilizcesi terminolojisi çerçevesinde tercümesine yer veriyoruz. Çeviri metni sonunda anahtar terimlere ilişkin kelime listesi ve 15 soruluk bir test de sizi bekliyor olacak.

Keyifli çalışmalar dileriz …

Türkçe	İngilizce
DÖRDÜNCÜ KISIM	PART FOUR
İspat ve Deliller	Evidence and Proof

BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM	CHAPTER ONE
Genel Hükümler	General Provisions
İspatın konusu	Subject of Proof
MADDE 187-	ARTICLE 187-
(1) İspatın konusunu tarafların üzerinde anlaşamadıkları ve uyuşmazlığın çözümünde etkili olabilecek çekişmeli vakıalar oluşturur ve bu vakıaların ispatı için delil gösterilir.	(1) The subject of proof constitutes contentious facts on which the parties cannot agree and which can be effective in resolving the dispute; evidence is presented for the proof of these facts.
(2) Herkesçe bilinen vakıalarla, ikrar edilmiş vakıalar çekişmeli sayılmaz.	(2) Facts known to everyone and admitted facts are not considered contentious.
İkrar	Admission
MADDE 188-	ARTICLE 188-
(1) Tarafların veya vekillerinin mahkeme önünde ikrar ettikleri vakıalar, çekişmeli olmaktan çıkar ve ispatı gerekmez.	(1) Facts admitted by the parties or their representatives in court cease to be contentious and do not require proof.
(2) Maddi bir hatadan kaynaklanmadıkça ikrardan dönülemez.	(2) Admission cannot be withdrawn unless it arises from a material mistake.
(3) Sulh görüşmeleri sırasında yapılan ikrar tarafları bağlamaz.	(3) Admissions made during settlement negotiations do not bind the parties.
İspat hakkı	Right to Proof
MADDE 189-	ARTICLE 189-
(1) Taraflar, kanunda belirtilen süre ve usule uygun olarak ispat hakkına sahiptir.	(1) Parties have the right to proof in accordance with the time and procedure specified by law.
(2) Hukuka aykırı olarak elde edilmiş olan deliller, mahkeme tarafından bir vakıanın ispatında dikkate alınamaz.	(2) Evidence obtained unlawfully cannot be considered in proving a fact by the court.
(3) Kanunun belirli delillerle ispatını emrettiği hususlar, başka delillerle ispat olunamaz.	(3) Matters for which the law prescribes proof with specific evidence cannot be proved with other evidence.
(4) Bir vakıanın ispatı için gösterilen delilin caiz olup olmadığına mahkemece karar verilir.	(4) The admissibility of the evidence presented to prove a fact is decided by the court.
İspat yükü	Burden of Proof
MADDE 190-	ARTICLE 190-
(1) İspat yükü, kanunda özel bir düzenleme bulunmadıkça, iddia edilen vakıaya bağlanan hukuki sonuçtan kendi lehine hak çıkaran tarafa aittir.	(1) The burden of proof rests on the party claiming legal consequences attached to the alleged fact unless there is a specific provision in the law.
(2) Kanuni bir karineye dayanan taraf, sadece karinenin temelini oluşturan vakıaya ilişkin ispat yükü altındadır. Kanunda öngörülen istisnalar dışında, karşı taraf, kanuni karinenin aksini ispat edebilir.	(2) A party relying on a legal presumption is only burdened with proving the underlying fact of the presumption. Except for exceptions provided by law, the opposing party can prove the opposite of the legal presumption.
Karşı ispat	Counterproof
MADDE 191-	ARTICLE 191-
(1) Diğer taraf, ispat yükünü taşıyan tarafın iddiasının doğru olmadığı hakkında delil sunabilir. Karşı ispat faaliyeti için delil sunan taraf, ispat yükünü üzerine almış sayılmaz.	(1) The other party can present evidence that the burdened party’s claim is not true without assuming the burden of proof. The party presenting counterproof is not considered to have taken on the burden of proof.
Kanunda düzenlenmemiş deliller	Unregulated Evidence
MADDE 192-	ARTICLE 192-
(1) Kanunun belirli bir delille ispat zorunluluğunu öngörmediği hâllerde, Kanunda düzenlenmemiş olan diğer delillere de başvurulabilir.	(1) In cases where the law does not prescribe the obligation to prove with a specific type of evidence, other unregulated evidence can also be used.
Delil sözleşmesi	Evidence Agreement
MADDE 193-	ARTICLE 193-
(1) Taraflar yazılı olarak veya mahkeme önünde tutanağa geçirilecek imzalı beyanlarıyla kanunda belirli delillerle ispatı öngörülen vakıaların başka delil veya delillerle ispatını kararlaştırabilecekleri gibi; belirli delillerle ispatı öngörülmeyen vakıaların da sadece belirli delil veya delillerle ispatını kabul edebilirler.	(1) Parties can agree in writing or through signed statements recorded in the court minutes that cases prescribed by law to be proved with specific evidence can be proved with other evidence or they can agree on specific evidence for cases not requiring specific proof.
(2) Taraflardan birinin ispat hakkının kullanımını imkânsız kılan veya fevkalade güçleştiren delil sözleşmeleri geçersizdir.	(2) Evidence agreements that make it impossible or exceptionally difficult to exercise the right to proof of one of the parties are invalid.
Somutlaştırma yükü ve delillerin gösterilmesi	Duty to Specify and Present Evidence
MADDE 194-	ARTICLE 194-
(1) Taraflar, dayandıkları vakıaları, ispata elverişli şekilde somutlaştırmalıdırlar.	(1) Parties must concretize the facts they rely on in a manner suitable for proof.
(2) Tarafların, dayandıkları delilleri ve hangi delilin hangi vakıanın ispatı için gösterildiğini açıkça belirtmeleri zorunludur.	(2) Parties are obliged to clearly indicate the evidence they rely on and for the proof of which fact.
Başka yerden getirtilecek deliller	Evidence to Be Brought from Elsewhere
MADDE 195-	ARTICLE 195-
(1) Tarafların ellerinde bulunmayan ve incelenmesine karar verilen delillerin getirtilmesi için, mahkemece ilgili resmî makam ve mercilerle üçüncü kişilere bu husus bildirilir. Mahkemeye getirtilmesi mümkün olmayan deliller, bulunduğu yerde incelenebilir veya dinlenebilir.	(1) To have evidence that is not in the possession of the parties brought and examined, the court notifies the relevant official authorities and third parties. Evidence that cannot be brought to the court can be examined or heard at the location where it is found.
Delilden vazgeçme	Waiver of Evidence
MADDE 196-	ARTICLE 196-
(1) Delil gösteren taraf, karşı tarafın açık izni olmadıkça, o delile dayanmaktan vazgeçemez.	(1) The party presenting evidence cannot waive reliance on that evidence without the clear consent of the opposing party.
Delillerin incelenmesi ve istinabe	Examination and Testimony of Evidence
MADDE 197-	ARTICLE 197-
(1) Kanunda belirtilen hâller dışında, deliller davaya bakan mahkeme huzurunda, mümkün olduğu kadar birlikte ve aynı duruşmada incelenir. Zorunlu hâllerde, bazı delillerin incelenmesi başka bir duruşmaya bırakılabilir.	(1) Except for cases specified in the law, evidence is examined before the court handling the case, as far as possible together and in the same hearing. In mandatory cases, the examination of some evidence may be deferred to another hearing.
(2) Başka yerde bulunan ve mahkemeye getirilemeyen deliller, o yerde istinabe yoluyla toplanabilir.	(2) Evidence located elsewhere and unable to be brought to the court can be collected through testimonies taken at that location.
(3) Delillerin incelenmesi veya beyanların dinlenmesi sırasında taraflar, istinabe olunan mahkemede hazır bulunabilir ve delillerle ilgili açıklama haklarını kullanabilirler. Bu hususu sağlamak için, taraflara incelemenin yapılacağı tarih ve yer bildirilir. Bu davet üzerine taraflar istinabe olunan mahkemede hazır bulunmasalar dahi deliller incelenir veya beyanlar dinlenir.	(3) During the examination of evidence or the hearing of testimonies, parties may be present in the court where testimonies are taken and may exercise their right to explain regarding the evidence. To ensure this, parties are notified of the date and place of the examination. Even if the parties do not appear in the court where testimonies are taken, evidence is examined, or testimonies are heard.
Delillerin değerlendirilmesi	Evaluation of Evidence
MADDE 198-	ARTICLE 198-
(1) Kanuni istisnalar dışında hâkim delilleri serbestçe değerlendirir.	(1) Except for legal exceptions, the judge evaluates the evidence freely.

VOCABULARY LIST

Subject of Proof – İspatın konusu
Admission – İkrar
Right to Proof – İspat hakkı
Burden of Proof – İspat yükü
Counterproof – Karşı ispat
Unregulated Evidence – Kanunda düzenlenmemiş deliller
Evidence Agreement – Delil sözleşmesi
Duty to Specify and Present Evidence – Somutlaştırma yükü ve delillerin gösterilmesi
Evidence to Be Brought from Elsewhere – Başka yerden getirtilecek deliller
Waiver of Evidence – Delilden vazgeçme
Examination and Testimony of Evidence – Delillerin incelenmesi ve istinabe
Evaluation of Evidence – Delillerin değerlendirilmesi

These terms should help you understand the key concepts in the provided legal text related to evidence and proof in Turkish law.

TEST

Question 1: What is the primary purpose of evidence as mentioned in the text?

A) To confuse the opposing party
B) To establish the truth of contentious facts
C) To create disputes in court
D) To avoid the need for admission

Question 2: According to Article 188, under what condition can an admission be withdrawn?

A) When there is a material mistake
B) At any time during the trial
C) If the court requests it
D) After a settlement is reached

Question 3: In which situation can a party not use evidence obtained unlawfully, as per Article 189?

A) Always, as it is inadmissible in court
B) When the evidence is crucial for their case
C) When the opposing party agrees to its use
D) When the court allows it

Question 4: What does the term “Burden of Proof” refer to in the context of the text?

A) The weight of evidence in a case
B) The obligation to prove a fact in dispute
C) The responsibility of the judge in a trial
D) The importance of admissions

Question 5: What is an “Evidence Agreement” as described in the text?

A) An agreement to suppress evidence
B) A contract between parties to share evidence
C) An agreement to allow alternative forms of proof
D) An agreement to use only specific types of evidence

Question 6: In which situation is an evidence agreement considered invalid, according to Article 193?

A) When both parties agree to it
B) If it makes proof impossible or exceptionally difficult
C) If it is not written and signed
D) When the court doesn’t approve of it

Question 7: What is the “Duty to Specify and Present Evidence” mentioned in the text?

A) The obligation to present evidence regardless of relevance
B) The responsibility to clearly indicate which evidence is being used
C) The requirement to present all evidence at the start of the trial
D) The responsibility to provide the court with a list of potential witnesses

Question 8: What does “Counterproof” refer to in the context of the text?

A) Evidence that disproves an opposing party’s claim
B) Evidence that supports one’s own claim
C) A type of evidence used in criminal cases
D) Evidence presented by a third party

Question 9: According to Article 195, how can evidence located elsewhere and unable to be brought to court be collected?

A) It cannot be collected or used as evidence
B) Through the submission of affidavits
C) By requesting an adjournment of the trial
D) Through testimonies taken at that location

Question 10: What is meant by “Waiver of Evidence” in the context of the text?

A) The voluntary abandonment of a legal claim
B) The exclusion of specific types of evidence
C) The ability to delay the use of evidence in court
D) The refusal of the court to consider certain evidence

Question 11: What happens to evidence agreements that make it impossible or exceptionally difficult for a party to exercise their right to proof?

A) They are automatically considered valid
B) They are considered invalid
C) They are enforced at the court’s discretion
D) They become part of the court record

Question 12: In which situations can a court defer the examination of some evidence to another hearing, as described in Article 197?

A) Only in cases of national security
B) When it is inconvenient for the judge
C) In zorunlu hâller (mandatory cases)
D) At the request of the defendant

Question 13: How does the judge evaluate evidence, as stated in Article 198?

A) With great skepticism and caution
B) According to the weight of evidence presented
C) Freely, except for legal exceptions
D) By comparing it to prior court decisions

Question 14: In legal terms, what is the “Subject of Proof” in a case?

A) The core legal argument of the case
B) The contentious facts that require proof
C) The judge’s opinion on the matter
D) The legal counsel’s opening statement

Question 15: According to Article 192, when can unregulated evidence be used?

A) Only when no other evidence is available
B) Whenever parties find it convenient
C) In cases where the law does not prescribe specific evidence
D) Only when the court approves its use